Biology Research Tutorial: Citing Online Resources

Ecology Format: Examples from Literature Cited Section

One Author--Journal Article

Last name, First initial. Second initial. Date. Article title. Journal title Volume number:first page-last page.

DuBown, P.J. 1991. Morphological correlates of community structure in North American
waterfowl. Community Ecology 1:147-156.

Two Authors--Journal Article

Last name, First initial. Second initial., and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Article title. Journal title Volume number: first page-last page.

Stockard, M. E., and R. E. Gatten. 1983. Activity metabolism of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Copeia 1:214-221.

Three or More Authors--Journal Article

Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Article title. Journal title Volume number: first page-last page.

Ducobu, H., J. Huisman, R.R. Jonker and L. R. Mur. 1998. Competition between a prochlorophyte and a cyanobacteriium under various phosphorous regimes:comparison with the Droop model. Journal of Phycology 34:467-476.

Journal Article with a DOI

Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Article title. Journal title Volume : [doi :doinumber].

Bastviken, D., J. Cole, M. Pace, and L. Tranvik. 2004. Methane emissions from lakes: dependence of lake characteristics, two regional assessments, and a global estimate. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18: [doi: 10.1029/2004GB002238].

Book

Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Book title. Publisher, City of publication, State of publication, Country of publication.

Banerjee, S. B., P. A. Carlin, and A. E. Gelfand. 2004. Hierarchical modeling and analysis for spatial data. Chapman Hall/CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

Chapter in Book

Last name of author of chapter, First initial. Second initial., and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Chapter title. Pages first-last in First initial. Second initial. Last name of editor, and First initial. Second initial. Last name of next editor, editors. Book title. Publisher, City of publication, State of publication, Country of publication.

Underwood, A. J., E. J. Denley. 1984. Paradigms, explanations and generalizations in models for the structure of intertidal communities on rocky shores. Pages 151-180 in D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L.G. Abele, and A. B. Thistle, editors. Ecological communities: conceptual issues and the evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

Website

Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Title of webpage. Sponsoring organization. <web address>

Simpson, G.L. 2005. Cocorresp:co-correspondence analysis ordination methods 0.1-3. R package. <http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/PACKAGES.html>

Flora of North America. 2007. Flora of North America Association. <http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1>

Government Document, Technical Report

Last name, First initial. Second initial., and First initial. Second initial. Last name. Date. Title. Sponsoring Agency or series name. Publication number. Publisher, Name of city, Name of State, Country.

Reed, D. C., and S. C. Schroeder. 2006. An experimental investigation of the use of artificial reefs to mitigate the loss of giant kelp forest habitat. California Sea Grant Program. Publication No. T-058. University of California, San Diego, California, USA.

Zimmerman, R.J., T. J. Minello, and M.C. Castiglione. 2005. Oyster reef as habitat for estuarine macrofauna. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-24. U.S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

Thesis or Dissertation

Last name, First initial. Second initial. Date. Title. Publication type, University, City, State, Country.

Young, C. M. 1982. Larval behavior, predation, and early post-settlement mortality as determinants of spatial distribution in subtidal ascidians of the San Juan Islands. Dissertation. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.