REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT
Throughout the body of your paper, briefly note the author and date of research that you mention.
Enough information is needed to identify the correct source in the References list at the end of your paper.
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Author and Date Cited in Text (no parenthetical citation necessary)
In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin's most effective metaphors.
- Author Not Cited in Text
As metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin used the tangled bank, the tree of
life, and the face of nature (Gould, 1989).
- Author Cited in Text
Gould (1989) attributes Darwin's success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.
- Direct Quotation with Name of Author
Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of
interconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological–and to illustrate both success and failure in the
history of life" (p. 14).
- Direct Quotation without Name of Author
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogical
rather than ecological" (Gould, 1989, p. 14).
For each of the samples above the correct "References" APA style format
would be:
| Gould, S. J. (1989). The wheel of fortune and the wedge of progress. Natural History, 89(3), 14-21.
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Quoting references that cite other works
To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in the References
list only the source that you actually used. For instance, suppose you read Feist (1998) and would like to
paraphrase the following sentence within that book:
Bandura (1989) defined self-efficacy as "people's beliefs about their capabilities
to exercise control over events that affect their lives" (p. 1175).
In this case,
your in-text citation would be: (Bandura, 1989, as cited in Feist, 1998).
Feist (1998) would be fully referenced
within the list of References. Bandura (1989) would not be listed. For more information on citing secondary sources,
see Example 22 in Section 4.16 of the Publication Manual. Remember to use the examples in this handout to cite and
reference your quote correctly.
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PRINT SOURCES: BOOKS AND REPORTS
Format: Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
- Book
Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to
organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- A Book by More than One Author
Levison, M., Ward, R. G., & Webb, J. W. (1973). The settlement of Polynesia: A
computer simulation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Edited Book
Ruiz, V. L. & Sánchez Korrol, V. (Eds.). (2006). Latinas in the United States: A historical
encyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Corporate Author as publisher
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Anonymous Author
Guidelines and application form for directors, 1990 summer seminar for school teachers.
(1988). Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Humanities.
- Chapter in a Book
Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H. L.
Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D.C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and
methodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
- ERIC Document
Mead, J. V. (1992) Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that
novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing,
MI: National Center for Research on Teaching Learning. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED346082)
- Government Report
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness
(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
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